German Accusative Pronouns: Your Essential Guide

Are you tired of sounding like a 7-year old learning how to read?

Working on using pronouns to replace nouns can really bring your German up to the next level.

Frank has a dog. Frank likes his dog. The dog likes Frank. ← Yikes.

Your German will sound more authentic if you don’t repeat all those nouns, but use pronouns instead (e.g. Frank likes him).

Learning what the German accusative pronouns are is pretty simple … learning when to use them … well, I’m going to try to make that as EASY as possible.

You’ll learn the following:

What are the German accusative pronouns?
How do I know when to use the accusative instead of nominative?
How do I know when to use the accusative instead of dative?

Section 1: The Basics
What you need to know to start getting the hang of German Accusative Pronouns

If you’ve read my overview guide on Personal Pronouns, you know that pronouns are little words that replace nouns or entire noun phrases, e.g.

Frank → he
My old friend Frank → he
Frank, the nice, tall, balding man over there who is my old friend from high school → he

Especially when you’re replacing a LOT of words, pronouns come in very handy!

English vs. German Pronouns

Good News: for the most part, English & German pronouns are more similar than different.

Both languages have pronouns such as I, you, he, she, we, they, us, me, him, etc. And both languages use them the same way (to replace names, nouns, and noun phrases).

But of course, we couldn’t get off quite that easily!

There are a handful of ways that German pronouns are trickier than English ones. For starters, German has a whole additional category of pronouns than English does (I’ll show you what I mean in a bit).

First, we have to quickly lay the foundation with nominative pronouns.

German & English both have nominative pronouns or ‘subject pronouns’. Here’s a look at them side-by-side:

These are the pronouns that are used to talk about the subject of the sentence, e.g.

I like to ride bike — Ich fahre gern Fahrrad.
You need to brush your teeth — Du musst dir die Zähne putzen.
You (formal) are most welcome here — Sie heißen hier herzlich willkommen!
He plays viola quite well — Er spielt gut Bratsche.
She enjoys juggling — Sie mag das Jonglieren.

Think of each of these sentences ^^ as having ‘slots’ that get filled up with nouns.

The most important slot — that gets filled up first — is the nominative. Whatever noun (or pronoun) is the subject of your sentence goes into that slot (usually the very first word in the sentence!), for example:

Hopefully, nominative case pronouns are making sense. Now, you’re ready to talk about the difference between nominative and accusative pronouns (that’s why you’re here after all!)

Nominative vs. Accusative Pronouns

Nominative personal pronouns replace the subject of the sentence. That’s easy enough. But what do accusative pronouns replace?

Answer: the direct object of the sentence.

Yeek. If that suddenly makes your blood run cold (it’s 5th English class all over again … RUN!), you’re not alone. Let’s quickly break this down by looking at the case and role that nouns (and pronouns) can have:

Now, read these sentences with direct object pronouns (only English examples for now!):

Can you see how ‘I’ is the subject (nominative ‘slot’ [case]) of the sentence each time? The person taking action or doing something?

All the italicized direct object (accusative case) pronouns are the people who receive action. They are being seen or heard (by the subject!).

OK, all of that is not so bad! Choosing nominative vs. accusative pronouns = EASY. Got it.

Accusative vs. Dative Pronouns

But now here’s the rub:

English has ‘object’ pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, you [all], them that you saw above) that get used for BOTH the accusative AND dative cases.

German, however, splits the ‘object’ pronouns into TWO groups: accusative (‘direct object’) pronouns and dative (‘indirect object’ pronouns).

You can see this difference between English & German laid out in this graphic:

So, in English we have just the one set of ‘object’ pronouns that covers both the accusative & dative cases (which, in English, are collectively called the objective case).

But, to speak German, we have to learn how to make the distinction between accusative & dative. And this difference impacts many words — including pronouns.

Here are the nominative, accusative, AND dative personal pronouns side-by-side:

Now what?

You have the basic theory of accusative pronouns down — you understand what they are and the similarities and differences between English & German. But now we need some examples!

Keep reading for the practical whens & hows of accusative pronouns: when exactly do you use them (<– there’s a rule for that) and how do you pick the right one (<– we’ll hash that out, too).

We’ll also suss out areas of common confusion & mistakes so you can avoid those pitfalls!

Section 2: Putting it into practice
When & how to use Accusative Pronouns

When to use an accusative pronoun

How do you know when to use the accusative pronouns vs. the nominative or dative ones?

Fortunately, there are some quick-and-easy rules for that!

It’s really just a matter of sentence structure. For a basic sentence, we need 1-2 components:

First, fill up the nominative ‘slot’ with your subject noun / pronoun
Then, default to putting the very next noun / pronoun into the accusative case (‘slot’)

That’s not so bad! And the key exception to #2 is this: some particular (<– read: memorizable) verbs, adjectives, and prepositions require that the following noun be in the dative case.

Now, look at these German examples of this two-part rule in play (accusative is italicized):

Ich kaufe den Apfel — I buy the apple.
Ich höre das Mäuschen — I hear the little mouse.
Ich sehe die Blume — I see the flower.

In each of these sentences, you can see:

ich (<– pronoun) is the subject, in the nominative case (‘slot’)
the conjugated verb (e.g. kaufe) comes next
the 2nd noun (Apfel, Blume, etc.) is in the accusative case (‘slot’)

NOTE: if you don’t understand why there are different versions of the word ‘the’, read my Der Die Das guide!

Now that you understand the basic rule of WHEN to use accusative pronouns, let’s look at HOW.

How would we take those same four examples, but replace the accusative nouns (e.g. apple, mouse, etc.) with accusative pronouns?

How to pick the right accusative pronoun

We have already established that you can assume that the 2nd noun in your sentence is in the accusative case.

The first noun is the subject (nominative case) and then we default to the next noun being a direct object (accusative case).

That narrows down our pronoun options to just those listed under ‘Acc’, but how do you know which one of those to pick?

When you’re first learning accusative pronouns, you will probably think of them with their English equivalents:

To make sure you’re supposed to use an accusative pronoun (vs. a nominative or dative), ‘plug’ an accusative pronoun into this short sentence: I see …. (accusative pronoun).

If it makes sense, then you know if you’re using the correct category of pronoun. For example, we can say I see them. But we can’t say I see they (<– that’s a nominative pronoun!).

Hopefully the concept of how to use accusative pronouns when talking about people seems pretty straightforward to you now.

BUT now we need to talk about two extra-tricky aspects of accusative pronouns.

Accusative Pronouns: Common Pitfalls

There are a few things about accusative pronouns that frequently trip students up.

We already talked above about the difference between accusative & dative pronouns and general points on when to use which.

But that still leaves us with these points:

how many ‘sie’ pronouns are floating all over the place.
the various ways to say ‘you’ (compared to just our 1 way in English!)
the masculine, feminine, and neuter versions of ‘it’ (read below!)

Gendered Pronouns

Using accusative pronouns to talk about people — her, him, them, etc. — is not so bad!

But sometimes we’re talking about objects (e.g. I buy an apple. I love the pictures).

And this is a bit trickier because German is a language with noun gender — even for objects.

In English, all things are just ‘it’. But German has a masculine ‘it’, a feminine ‘it’, and a neuter ‘it’.

This means that if you’re replacing a masculine noun object with a pronoun, the pronoun also has to be masculine. Then, same thing for feminine noun objects / pronouns and neuter noun objects / pronouns.

Thankfully, this issue is relevant ONLY in the 3rd person singular and I’ll show you a shortcut for how to remember the different, gendered versions of ‘it’ (keep reading!).

Examples of masculine, feminine, and neuter ‘it’s

Here are our same 3 example sentences from above, but with the gendered pronouns (‘it’) (bolded) now!

Ich kaufe den Apfel → Ich kaufe ihn(I buy the apple / ‘him’ [it])
Ich höre das Mäuschen → Ich höre es (I hear the little mouse / it)
Ich sehe die Blume → Ich sehesie(I see the flower → I see ‘her’ [it])

Let’s break down the components for the accusative nouns in our example sentences.

den Apfel — a masculine noun put into the accusative case
das Mäuschen — a neuter noun put into the accusative case
die Blume — a feminine noun put into the accusative case

All of these nouns are non-people. In English, we would refer to all of them as ‘it’. In German, we use ‘it’, too — but the gendered forms of it!

den Apfel (masculine accusative) → ihn
das Mäuschen (neuter accusative) → es
die Blume (feminine accusative) → sie

This is the part of the pronouns chart we’re talking about:

Look at the examples again with their ‘person’ labels so you can see how it relates to the table:

Ich kaufe den Apfel → Ich kaufe ihn (<– 3rd person singular, masculine)
Ich höre das Mäuschen → Ich höre es (<– 3rd person singular, neuter)
Ich sehe die Frau → Ich sehe sie (<– 3rd person singular, feminine)

Thinking about needing to use different forms of ‘it’ that have gender is a bit of a stretch for English speakers.

Not to mention that remembering the various ‘it’ pronouns (not just in the accusative case, but in the nominative & dative, too) can feel pretty hard at first.

Good News: I have a helpful tip for you!

How Gendered Accusative Pronouns Relate to the Accusative Case

If you haven’t had a chance to look at my Accusative Case Guide, I totally recommend that! Understanding more about the accusative case in general will help you will accusative pronouns.

BONUS: it turns out that the accusative case declensions are also exactly what you need to remember the 3 gendered forms of the pronoun ‘it’. Oooh, what’s that about? 😀

Look again at the 3rd Person Singular section of the personal pronouns table and take special note of the very last letter on each pronoun:

3rd person singular, masculine: ihn
3rd person singular, neuter: es
3rd person singular, feminine: sie

Now, look at this accusative case snippet of what I call the All-In-One Declensions Chart:

The -n, -s, -e strong declensions listed in the chart snippet are the same last letters we see on the accusative pronouns ihn, es, sie, and sie.

You need to have the complete All-In-One Declensions Chart memorized anyway, so it’s great that it does double-duty for you by covering the declensions on the gendered pronouns ‘it’, too (in the accusative ^^ and also in the nominative & dative!)

Learn smarter, not harder!

Accusative Pronouns, Simplifying with Patterns

We’ve talked about when to use accusative pronouns: to replace a direct object (which is the 2nd noun in a given sentence).

You’ve learned how to pick out the right one, too, by learning about the different persons.

You even just tackled the different sie / Sie forms and gendered ‘it’s! That’s huge!

The only thing that is left is to dissect our accusative pronouns table one final time, noticing patterns (to help us remember the pronouns more easily) and cutting out material wherever we can (so we don’t have to remember as many!).

Notice the following things:

mich and dich rhyme! The only letters that are different are also easy to remember: m for mich (just like the m in me) and d for dich (just like the d in du).

The 3rd person accusative pronouns are IDENTICAL to the nominative ones except for er – ihn. The es and sie are all repeated.
Remember that the formal You (Sie) has all the same forms as the 3rd person plural they and then you can nix 2 entire lines of the table that are redundant!
All-in-all, between the nominative & accusative pronouns, you have only 12 total you have to know in German — and that’s the same number of English pronouns we have! You can do that! (NOTE: the dative pronouns adds another 5 to learn, but you can handle that.)

Main Takeaways

Pronouns are little words (e.g. you, he, we) that replace nouns or noun phrases.
English & German both have ‘subject pronouns’ (nominative case).
But German draws a distinction between accusative and dative pronouns that doesn’t exist in English (we use just one group of pronouns for both, which we call objective pronouns).
To use the right pronoun, you have to know which ‘person’ your noun is in.
In the 2nd person, you also have to distinguish between the formal & informal forms (Sie vs. du) AND between the singular and plural variants of the 2nd Person Informal (du vs. ihr). None of these different versions of ‘you’ exist in English (we have just one!).
In the 3rd person, even if you are talking about a noun object (not just a person), you have to use the gendered pronoun that matches the gender (masc., fem., neut). of the noun.
In constructing sentences, after we establish the subject (nominative case), we default the next noun / pronoun into the accusative case as the direct object.
Single letters (e.g. -n, -s, -e) called declensions are added to the ends of certain words (e.g. determiners) to indicate the gender & case of the following noun. There are particular accusative case declensions to use with each gender (and with plural).
The accusative case declensions (chart provided) perfectly match the declensions on the 3rd Person Pronouns, so that is an even easier way to memorize them.
Taking note of repeated pronouns and other patterns makes learning pronouns easier.

German Accusative Pronouns: Your Essential Guide